Comparing Old & New Terrorism

Introduction1.1 BackgroundIn the commencement to the furthest limit of the twentieth century, eminent researchers thought of another idea of ‘New Terrorism’ which speaks to a move from the conventional fear based oppression. The ‘new terrorism’ ‘refers to a subjective change in the idea of fear mongering, which has purportedly occurred during the 1990s’ (Kurtulus 2007:476). This worldview has likewise been differently alluded to as ‘contemporary terrorism’ (Laqueur 2003) ‘post-current terrorism’, ‘super-terrorism’, ‘catastrophic terrorism’ and ‘hyper-terrorism’ (Field 2009). This paper expects to attempt the assessment of this change in perspective. It expects to look at the different sources if there is to be sure a ‘New Terrorism’ as peddled by certain researchers and strategy producers. It would do this by doing a contextual investigation of Irish Republican Army, o r the IRA and Al Qaeda speaking to each group.1.2 Aims and ObjectivesIn this segment, the exploration points, destinations, and examination addresses will be sketched out. Right off the bat, the point of this examination is as per the following: To guarantee that this point is completely investigated, the accompanying exploration goals have been concocted: How are the rising types of psychological warfare not the same as the conventional strategies How should the current counterterrorism foundation be corrected so as to address the difficulties of the cutting edge age 1.3 Research QuestionsThe research question is as per the following: What are the new types of fear based oppression and what variables made them What are the key factors that have added to the achievement of these new psychological militant practices Is the current counterterrorist framework fit for managing the rising psychological militant danger To look to investigate this point, research question and these goals, a survey of the writing will be attempted to investigate these regions have encountered change after some time. The discoveries from this audit will be utilized to investigate and inspect the examination point, destinations and question. To guarantee this is suitably attempted the accompanying subjects will be talked about in the review:1.4 Scope of the StudyA investigation of the Irish Republican Army will be embraced in contrast with the advanced activities of the perceived psychological militant organization Al Qaeda.1.5 Structure of the StudyThis study will be contained 6 areas including the presentation, writing survey, and technique, contextual investigation examination, Discussion, Conclusion.2 Literature Review The segment will audit applicable writing as respects the proposed research.2.1 Defining Terrorism and rising types of Terrorism2.2 Factors that added to Terrorism’s Success2.3 Current avoidan ce and authorization options2.4Trends3. Technique This section delineates the examination procedure utilized just as giving a short early on entry with respect to the significance of exploration methodology.3.1 IntroductionThe philosophy centers around a clarification of the subjective and quantitative exploration approaches considered for this theory to respond to the accompanying inquiries: How are the developing types of fear based oppression not quite the same as the conventional strategies How should the current counterterrorism foundation be changed so as to address the difficulties of the advanced age This incorporates the components of the exploration approach received and the explanations for this choice.3.2 Methods of Data CollectionSecondary sources dating from the activity of the Irish Republican Army just as year to date tasks of Al Qaeda will give the necessary scope of information for assessment.3.2.1 Case Study AnalysisYin (2009) fights that the contextual investigation examination system is a substantial instrument for giving exact substance. This technique for research takes into consideration an examination concerning this present reality effect of psychological oppression. Others battle that the contextual analysis isn't generally the best vital examination approach (Baxter and Jack 2008). Be that as it may, Stake (1995) exhibits that a contextual analysis can give comprehension and increment the limit with respect to comprehension. The methodology for this thesis will use a subjective, interpretative exploration strategy; a contextual investigation assessment of the Irish Republican Army and Al Qaeda. Yin (2009) exhibits that the exploratory contextual analysis technique can be utilized to look at circumstances in which there is no characterized result. This exploration will lay on the objective to recognize difficulties and exercises for future. For the reasons for this exploration, the subjective examination approach is progressively appropriate because of ability to survey the wide extending nature the psychological militant conditions. Contextual investigation This segment will introduce a contextual analysis assessment of the Irish Republican Army in contrast with the activities of Al Qaeda.4.1 Irish Republican Army development factorsRyanair and (another carrier of your choice)4.2 Effectiveness of the IRA methods4.3 Al Qaeda arrangement factors4.4 Effectiveness of the IRA methods4.5 Trends4.8 Discussion(Tie the contextual investigation to the writing audit) 5. End 7. References Baxter, P. what's more, Jack, S. 2008. Subjective contextual investigation procedure: Study structure and execution for fledgling specialists. The Qualitative Report, 13 (4), pp. 544â€559. Field, A. 2009. The ‘New Terrorism’: Revolution or Evolution?. Political Studies Review, 7 (2), pp. 195â€207. Kurtulus, E. 2011. The â€Å"new terrorism† and its faultfinders. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 34 (6), pp. 476â€500. Laqueur, W. 2003. No limit to war. New York: Continuum. Stake, R. 1995. The specialty of contextual analysis research. Sage Publications, Inc. Yin, R. 2009. Contextual analysis research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Nike Breakdown free essay sample

A. Division Criteria Demographic: The age scope of Nike is from baby to old. Their essential range would be the essential dynamic/purchasing a very long time from 18-45. Anyway they plan items for babies just as youth, and numerous senior residents despite everything wear nike sweat suits, so its extremely fully open. Nike surely doesn't target one sexual orientation purposefully harder then another. They work admirably of connecting with both genders viably. The normal salary pulled in to nike would be white collar class or higher. It's anything but an incredibly costly item, yet in its industry is viewed as upper end. Since the brand is related with games level of training is unimportant. The two races most intensely focused by Nike are Caucasian and african american. Nike is predominately connected with specific games. Those games will in general have a racial generalization of competitor that exceeds expectations at it. For instance b-ball. Nike utilizes numerous african american spokes individuals most broadly Michael Jordan, and unquestionably targets african american competitors. We will compose a custom article test on Nike Breakdown or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Be that as it may, Tiger woods, another nike endorser isn’t Caucasian yet still is focusing on them fundamentally in his battle. Family’s rather than childless or single living families are certainly the objective. Potential should competitors in house as much as possible. Odds are additionally that in the event that one relatives decisions nike so will another. In this way, family’s particularly in networks are a significant fragment. Size of target showcase *******Target advertise Geographic: Nike is certainly geologically portioned. Sports, their essential merchant, are surely regionalized. B-ball will in general be greater in urban networks. Hence, Nikes ball items would be sectioned towards urban, city based, living networks. Nike’s golf line anyway would do appallingly in that showcase and would positively be focused in high society rural districts of the nation. Hitting the fairway items would likewise not likely be focused in a portion of the colder northern pieces of the nation. Nike’s surf/sea shore/amphibian based items would focus on the coasts more than the mid inland of the nation. Psychographic: Nike unquestionably has a psychographic division to its advertising. Nike has figured out how to make the demeanor of cool and bleeding edge. Their item is related with being either the â€Å"newest†, â€Å"coolest†, or â€Å"best†. They are supported by the absolute best experts at every one of their games giving them validity causing a moment social acknowledgment. It has its own way of life related with its image. They cause their clients to feel like the best or take a stab at the best. They make their clients cool, or acknowledged. Conduct: Benefit division; Nike offers the advantage of upper hand. Its utilized by the best. Tried by the best. It is the best. On the off chance that there was any method of an item to give you an edge nike would do it. Anybody looking for even the opportunity of an edge in rivalry or experience would pick nike. Utilization rate division; Nike would not require this type of division. Non clients have a high possibility of picking nike as a result of its moment relationship with believability and quality. Light clients wouldn’t apply so a lot. Overwhelming clients would positively pick nike since they would need to put resources into a top of the line item for something that is that critical to them. Event division; They do fragment easygoing wear versus practice wear versus game-time wear. The client searching for an alluring look, or solace would picked more the easygoing wear. A novice or somebody who trains would target practice wear. The more expert or high power client would require the game-time increasingly official product. Target Market Profile Typical Member is a multi year old Senior at All Star High School. He is an african american b-ball player. Its the slow time of year and a normal day for Typical. Normal beginnings most days with an early morning run. On that run Typical consistently wears his Nike running shoes. Albeit Typical isn’t a morning individual, when he binds up his nikes his body realizes its opportunity to wake up. Ordinary at that point normally showers and dresses for work. Normal loads up his nike duffel bag with his rec center fabrics. He snatches his nike duffel bag and brief case and heads to work. Run of the mill completes his work day and heads for the rec center. Once at the exercise center Typical gets into his Nike shorts and shirt, and again his Nike shoes. Run of the mill at that point completes his exercise and heads back home for supper. Turning with the rec center is a grown-up soccer alliance, and training for youth football. In the two cases a similar Nike sack is brought and loaded up with suitable Nike clothing. This item accommodates my way of life since I need to be the best. I need to consistently put my best self forward and show certainty. I need to look like I’m the genuine article yet I likewise need to perform like it. Nike works for me since it gives me a slight edge in quality, it looks great to the eye, and shows individuals that I don’t mess around. This item is high contribution. I see the swoosh each time I utilize the item. I utilize such a significant number of various Nike items, thus dissipated for the duration of the day, I unquestionably use alot of Nike. Nike is surely a thing I explicitly go out and buy. The situating technique of Nike is Product class. Nike is an excellent more extravagant item. It is viewed as awesome in it’s industry. Their position is the class of their image. Nike’s â€Å"Just Do It† is a shade of the company’s certainty and confirmation in telling their clients that it shouldnt even be a decision among them and contenders. Their utilization of superstar supports and creative alluring advertisements are completely planned for featuring Nike’s quality, quality of brand. They are a ground-breaking name and order regard for both their quality and responsibility to their items. D. The serious issues with Nike is the economy. They are in an industry where most merchandise being offered are extravagance and not need. At the point when the economy is failing individuals can’t stand to spend as much on material, not as significant merchandise. Along these lines, an organization, for example, Nike that positions itself similar to an upper finished result is at risk for being injured. Nike on account of it’s notoriety and quality likewise implies costly. At the point when individuals have more to spend they can stress increasingly over quality. At the point when the decision between a less expensive contender of Nike or Nike themselves is given in acceptable occasions individuals wouldn’t dare go with the knock off or second rate item. At the point when challenges are out of control be that as it may, individuals rapidly quit stressing as a lot over picture and quality versus cost. In the same class as their publicizing is, it won’t be sufficient to make individuals go through cash they essentially don't have. The significant open doors for Nike are expanding into different enterprises. Nike could make a drive into the games food or drink industry. Nike could likewise endeavor to make an easygoing apparel line. Since â€Å"cool† is so firmly connected to Nike they could wander into any new attire field and have moment validity. With growing TV stations, and web webcasts, Nike could totally connect their image into 24 hour news sources. Nike could start delivering programing itself.

Mediterranean Free Essays

The Mediterranean realms have been persuasive forces for the vast majority of the written history of mankind. They have propelled amazement, dread and marvel, they were the main focuses of Orientalism as a social wonder. The East was a steady danger and a consistent draw to European development, catching the two terrains and brains until the start of the twentieth century. We will compose a custom paper test on Mediterranean or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Be that as it may, everything must reach a conclusion, thus, as well, did the standard of the East, when the Ottoman Empire disbanded. Domains rose and fell previously, in any case, each past time, another aggregate of countries replaced the demised one. After the Ottoman Empire, no Mediterranean replacement rose to control; rather, Europe assumed the empire’s position as hegemon, both in political force and in the intensity of thoughts †in an incredible intelligent progression. To comprehend why this is consistent, we should analyze the explanations behind which government had been so solid in the Mediterranean and why it at long last fell. It is surely more than unimportant political reasons, since there has been a progression of different domains. This is clearly an inclination that runs further, inside the different Mediterranean societies themselves. Realms fall when they become excessively enormous, gotten too difficult to even think about controlling from one regulatory focus, become stale. What powers a culture or various societies to produce realms over and over? The Mediterranean, in spite of the entirety of its provincial clashes among itself, has consistently been a unified area. This solidarity depends on a correspondence of the individuals †be that as it may, this fairness was the uniformity of units, not of individuals. A person in the Mediterranean has consistently been nothing close to the more noteworthy reason, subject to misuse to the point of demolition. Life was continually not a lot significant in the Mediterranean †substantially more significant was the idea winning at that point and administration to it. We would already be able to see this idea in Rome, where a man was distinctly as significant as he was to common society.â Indeed, even religion was in administration of the state, as Seneca noted: â€Å"Religion is viewed by the ordinary citizens as obvious, by the shrewd as bogus, and by the rulers as useful.† The circumstance, be that as it may, arrived at its apogee after the development of Islam in the district, and the joining of every single back to back domain under its standard. Islam †which implies â€Å"submission† †is maybe the most deterministic religion in presence. Its doctrine is that a human is not as much as nothing before the wonder of Allah, restricted by the very actuality of being an insignificant creation, totally frail. Allah is a divine being that guarantees paradise for the Muslims, in any case, the Qur’an expressly expresses, that Allah doesn’t care what number of people are Muslim. In the event that the individuals submit to His standard, they will live, on the off chance that they don't †they will perish.â Islamic religious philosophy is, normally, significantly more intricate and intriguing, yet subjection lies at its center, with an absence of it deserving of death. This idea of an inhumane ruler with an iron initially is completely astonishing for the structure of a dictatorial domain, where people are assets to be reaped, best case scenario and impediments to be evacuated even under the least favorable conditions. The later legislative issues, in light of religion, therefore utilized this idea widely. A human of the district was absolutely weak before the legislature, a bit of material and insights without a moment's delay. An especially definite case of this approach is Mehmed II Fatih’s pronouncement to authoritatively murder all the siblings of a king who has quite recently climbed to the position of authority. The treatment of people as assets took into account the character of every Eastern realm: with the bureaucratic class and the military being the most significant classes, and the way to deal with force and life being absolutely utilitarian and force arranged. Hence the inquiry is: the reason did the individuals of the area consent to this for such a long time? For what reason did they endure such a methodology? As a matter of first importance, living as an instrument of an Empire isn't exactly so terrible as it might sound. A succeeding realm deals with its kin, however in an abnormal style and to a constrained degree. One doesn't pulverize one’s assets †one develops them. In a domain where everything depends on force and quality, the best possible administration of assets can be vital to progress, and hence, to endurance. Additionally, such a domain is very agreeable to live in for a specific sort of individuals. Those of the locale have consistently been warriors: and for a fighter of fortune, no better type of association can exist. There are in every case a lot of go getters in each area, enough individuals who are happy to propel their own points of view to the detriment of other’s lives. In any case, if in Europe there is regularly purpose behind misconception: the social contrasts between nations are extraordinary, and the phonetic obstruction, as well, assumes a job. In the Islamic world, there is one culture and one lot of customs, which considers activity inside a solitary worldview, giving more prominent space for both participation and treachery. This assembled culture did much for the savage idea of these incredible domains. The individuals who animated this culture at last respected everybody who was not a member in it as a weakling. In any case, after the twentieth century, the air changed. The Europeans demonstrated their quality, and demonstrated that an association of free countries is very fit for successful fighting, however of political control. This methodology, considered already more vulnerable, had vanquished the eastern domains approach, and crushed it with such pizazz that the individuals of the Mediterranean questioned just because that their way was the more powerful one. Force is demonstrated in the outcomes, and the results indicated that Europe was more grounded by a wide margin, in the military sense, yet in the soul too. Not the Europe which needed to purchase its approach to opportunity, however the Europe which had the option to help or demolish the present realm, and after obliteration, catch it rapidly enough in all detects, force its way of life and lifestyle. Europe demonstrated that participation of people can accomplish in excess of a mass of subordinates, and that the development of partners can accomplish more than the developing of assets. Continuously prepared to utilize a successful strategy and gain from their adversaries, the individuals which were once under the realms currently endeavor to work the manner in which Europe has appeared, as it appears to be additionally encouraging. Be that as it may, between wars, Europe appears to be very neighborly and careless. Its way of life isn't one to oblige the core of a warrior. It appears to be just a short time before somebody in the East concludes that Europe’s approach is insufficient and returns to the conventional methods of doing legislative issues in the Mediterranean. It is my feeling that what we are seeing is anything but a genuine change, but instead, a transitional second between domains. Without a doubt, it has endured just about a hundred years. In any case, the circumstance even now appears to highlight the chance of the recharging of another, improved by Western procedures, domain. It isn't the finish of Mediterranean history, yet the start of another time in it. References 1. All Empires †Anâ Online Community for World History, saw Friday, May 06, 2005 at http://www.allempires.com/ 2.Islam Online, saw Friday, May 06, 2005 at http://www.islamonline.net/english/index.shtml  The most effective method to refer to Mediterranean, Essay models

Strategic Analysis of Toyota Essay - 1650 Words

Strategic Analysis of Toyota (Essay Sample) Content: Strategic Analysis of ToyotaStudent NameInstructorCourseDate The automobile sector is the worlds most competitive sector attracting a large sum of investment both locally and internationally. Toyota is a giant Asian vehicle manufacturer applying vast strategies to market its product across the globe. Considering the external analysis (industrial economics view), strategies as Porter, PESTEL and even SWOT are applied by Toyota in gaining the intended market niche.Toyota PESTEL AnalysisPolitical The political situation of a region or country can affect directly the market niche of Toyota Motor Company. Many customers are in search of vehicles that are fuel efficient negating the need for frequent refueling in the course of a journey. Few countries have this oil resource thereby export to other nations at a fee. Political instability around the world due to outbreak of clashes and wars will obviously affect the production of fuel which may force customers to opt for the hybrid vehicle (A., 2012). Toyota tried to maintain customer satisfaction by designing the hybrid car models i.e. those that could be powered by both the fuel and electricityEconomic The prices for oil are varying across the globe; this makes the alternative for fuel-powered vehicles much expensive (A., 2012). The governments have also increased the taxes for this gasoline which further makes it expensive, but major world economies like China, the US and Russia have a growing demand for oil which necessitates the need for oil supply and prices to be stable throughout the year.Socio-CulturalA positive factor is that Toyota is the overall trailblazer when it comes to hybrid technology. This has been made possible by decades of research and testing in the area of hybrid technology which would provide their customers with a wide range of products/technologies to choose from (.F., 1996).Technological Toyota Motor Company has created and established its customers for the hybrid technology . This will provide a competitive niche over other market players since it will be in a position to create and innovate hybrid cars satisfying the customers needs. Though the prices still seem over the roof, Toyota may in fact partner with other motor companies like Hyundai to bring the eventual prices of hybrid vehicles are affordable for most people; this will in fact increase its market base (Brickley, Analyzing Managerial Decisions: Why Teams Fail;Managerial economics and organizational architecture (5th ed.)", 2009).SWOT AnalysisStrengthsToyota Motor Company has a vast recognition all over the world; this creates a multinational brand and image which help drive up its sales of vehicles. The upward trend in the sales can be shown in the sales turnover of about  £131,591 million in the year 2011. Due to efficient production and distribution systems, Toyota has gained the trust of its customers and continues to capture the wider world market (A., 2012).WeaknessMost of manufactur ing plants for Toyota Motor Company are in Japan and the US thereby are usually considered as foreign goods which savor a large percentage of taxes imposed by the respective governments (.F., 1996). This reduces the profit margins for Toyota whenever they manufacture and sell a motor vehicle while its competitors are utilizing cheaper labor and manufacturing cost in economies like China.OpportunitiesConsidering the ever diminishing oil reserves and the rocketing oil prices, Toyota is looking at ways and means of bringing down the vehicle running costs. The idea could be realized through the introduction of hybrid car models, unlike the fuel guzzlers which would inflate the running costs of the vehicle making them unaffordable and unsustainable by the customers (A., 2012). Toyota would like to bridge this gap so that their customers can have comfortable means of travel while also affordableThreatsThere is the competitive pressure created in the car sales and manufacture; this pressur e beckons Toyota to produce quality products so that they do not lose market leadership.The materials used in the manufacture of vehicles have to be outsourced which pushes up the production costs if not well-managed.Public transport is gaining favor among the European people which negates the need for use of personal cars to drive the children to school. This is likely to push down the demand for personal cars which will directly affect the sales.Porters StrategiesThreat by New EntrantsThe motor industry is a well-established industry and would require large sums of capital and technology. Therefore, there is minimum or no threat by new entrants as this industry needs a lot of resources. Toyota has to therefore continue to produce the quality products that satisfy the customer and also improve wherever possible (Brickley, Analyzing Managerial Decisions: Why Teams Fail;Managerial economics and organizational architecture (5th ed.)", 2009).Threat of SubstitutesIn the Automobile indus try, there are many players like Honda, GM, Hyundai and even BMW. Toyota has to ensure the high quality of its products or otherwise face replacement thereby losing the customer base for its products. Therefore, Toyota has to research and fulfill the customers needs to continue enjoying its market niche.Intensity of Rivalry The many players like Honda, BMW and GM offer stiff competition in the automobile industry. They have large capital and resources which they can easily use to entice customers. Therefore, Toyota has to continually upgrade its market strategies to continue enjoying the market leadership.Considering the internal analysis (Resource-based view), strategies to look at include the Generic Strategy, Value Chain, Barney Model and the VRINE Model.Barney ModelToyota developed a clear system that nurtures employees and gives them the right direction. This employee support and desire to be at the top of the market contributes to the wide distributorship and dealership o f Toyota products making them easily accessible to the customer network at the time of need; this led to the creation of the Toyota Production System (TPS) which has become the basic model in many production centres (Brickley, Managerial economics and organizational architecture (5th ed.) , 2009). The main aim of the TPS is to do away with waste and unevenness during operations by making what the customer requires, when he/she needs it and in the right quantity. This adds quality into the product and reduces the amount of errors that may occur during production.Generic StrategyCompanies usually outsource their market to satisfy certain needs or demands. Toyota has over the years outsourcing market for its vehicles, going beyond the normal local Japanese market. This increased the size of its market while also increasing its revenue. With the right products, Toyota will solidify its market niche considering the stiff competition from GM and other automobile manufacturers (A., 2012). Toyotas ability to satisfy unique customer needs i.e. fuel efficiency will make it have power over its buyers since they cannot get the same fuel efficient cars from other manufacturers.Another generic strategy is choosing an investment strategy at the business level. Toyota have developed a distinctive technology and even is introducing the hybrid model. This act as its main identifier in the market while also reducing the vehicles dependency on fuel which is a diminishing resource (Alchian, 1972). These innovation will provide the Toyota market with a variety of products to choose from thereby increasing its market niche and profitability.Valu...

Medicare s Financial Problems Affecting The Entire Budget

Medicare covers over 47 million Medicare Beneficiaries. This includes 39 million seniors and 8 million people under 65 receiving social services disability insurance (SSDI) payments due to permanent disabilities (Kaiser Family Foundation 2010). Medicare accounts for 12% of federal spending, 23% of national health spending, and is critical part of policy discussions related to the federal budget and the 2010 Health Reform Law (Kaiser Family Foundation 2010). Medicare’s financial problems affect the entire budget, and are largely responsible for projected increases in federal deficits (Peter G. Peterson Foundation 2010). Medicare spending is projected to double from 3.5 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2010 to 6.4 percent of GDP in 2030. The congressional budget office points out most of the growth is due to rising health care costs, rather then the baby boom generation aging (Kaiser Family Foundation 2009). Medicare spending is projected to grow moderately in the next 10 years. Medicare’s share of the federal budget is projected to increase from 14.3 percent in 2015 to 15.2 percent in 2024, and Medicare spending, as a share of GDP, is projected to increase from 3.0 percent in 2015 to 3.3 percent in 2024 (Kaiser Family Foundation 2015). Furthermore, the Growth in health care spending has always matched or outpaced GDP growth. However, national health expenditure (NHE) data show a significant slowdown in health care spending in recent years. In 2009 andShow MoreRelatedThe True Cost Of Alzheimer s Care 21037 Words   |  5 Pages THE TRUE COST OF ALZHEIMER’S CARE 2 Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most devastating diseases affecting approximately 5.3 million people in the U.S. (Alzheimer’s Association, 2015; Caminiti, 2015; Hammer, 2016). It is not exclusively a disease of old age as over 200,000 are diagnosed under the age of 65. 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Global Inequality - 711 Words

Globalization is a concept that began in the nineteenth century and is still very prevalent in the international economy today. Globalization has caused a decline in global inequality because of the convergence of developing countries such as China and India with developed countries such as the US. Despite this trend, the inequality within individual countries has increased over the years mostly because of the increased inequality in the developed countries. Throughout this movie review I will go through why there is an increase in inequality within developed countries and why global inequality has decreased while incorporating the film China Blue to support my points. In this film, the idea of people within China working for an extremely†¦show more content†¦In order for global inequality to keep decreasing countries must work on decreasing equality within their borders, without this there is no way that global equality will keep decreasing in the future. In order to unders tand why inequality within borders have increased one must first understand what is so good about trade. One of the most important parts of modern trade is the idea of specialization. Specialization was central to the argument made by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations. He argues that specialization increased productivity and productivity would in turn increase economic growth. It would never make sense for a country to try to make everything in the borders, instead it makes more sense for a country to specialize in a certain good and trade that good for other goods that the country needs. This will make producing that specialized good cheaper and make it easier to trade it for other goods. In the movie this shop specialized in making jeans and almost all of these jeans would go to the US or other developed countries. 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Dynamics Across Multiple Levels of Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Dynamics Across Multiple Levels of Analysis. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this report is to identify an existing organizational problem at a given organization. Further, the report will discuss the problem and identify the underlying causes of the problem in relation to the organizational functions under which they fall. Lastly, it will explore the critical underlying cause that is relevant to the virtual business. In entirety, this report will serve as a blueprint not only for the virtual business but also any other businesses since all organizations are bound to experience some problem at some point. Discussion of the Problem The problem that this report will discuss is the rising cases of conflict at the workplace. For the past six (6) months, there has been a steady increase of members of staff quarrelling to the extent of going physical. Originally, the conflicts started from one department but it has escalated to the other teams. This has made it difficult for the organization to achieve its goals owing to the fact that we rely on teamwork to carry out 99% of our work. Workplace conflicts are caused by several factors that emanate from the individual employees and other organizational structures, values and culture (De Dreu Gelfand, 2008). Regardless of the cause, conflicts are a threat to the entire functionality of the organization and should be curbed at the earliest stage possible. Causes of the Problem The fundamental cause of workplace conflict in this context is poor communication between the different levels at the organization (Samatwa, 2011). Most conflicts are seen to emanate from collision of duty. Equally, members have clashed because of inadequate communication regarding reassignment of duty, job placement and transfers (Williams, 2013). This problem is related to the organization function of management and is a show of poor co-ordination by those entrusted with such responsibility. Any re-organization must be communicated in time so that all staffs are aware. Equally, they have to put in place a mutual communication mechanism so that there is no breakdown at any given point The second cause of workplace under consideration is competition. Whereas workplace competition is healthy and beneficial to the organization in terms of improving individual and collective productivity, it can also be to the detriment. However, such competition ought to be within manageable limits. Employees have been fighting for the limited opportunities to demonstrate their ability in anticipation for rewards (Beehr, 2014).The resultant conflict has taken the shape of individualism whereby some employees have resorted to paint others negatively in a bid to outdo them. In the same regard, some employees have become selfish with some company equipment and in the process denying others the chance to do their work. This problem is tied to the controlling function management and it portrays a system that is unable to provide clear and equal avenues for all employees to unleash their potential. As a result of such failure, employees are likely to find it easier to exercise their egos. Thirdly, workplace conflicts have been caused by different values exhibited by different employees. This conflict is common in different teams and departments and is common between younger and older members (Lipsk., et al, 2008). Difference in values as an organizational problem takes different forms. Ideally, the problem emerges when members possess different perspectives when dealing with a common issue. This problem emerges when team members are deliberating for consensus on a given task. Although it is not automatic, sometimes it is common for older and younger employees to hold a different view regarding one issue. When such members fail to manage their differences and respect each others stance, the problem can degenerate into physical or psychological altercations that derail the objectivity and effectiveness of the team (Dillon, 2012). As a conflict, different values are related to the leadership function of the organization. The leadership of the organization ought to projec t such issues earlier and constitute teams with such considerations taken into account. Critical Underlying Cause Based on the identified problems and their respective causes, it is worth noting that all of them are seen to emanate from within the organization. Considering the fact that all employees are taken through a stringent selection and staffing process, it is highly likely that the critical underlying factor in the virtual business is organizational culture (behavior).The conflicts are a result of failure to put in place structures and norms to manage the individual and collective values and interests (Zheng., et al, 2013). For instance, there ought to be defined processes for appraisal, equal reward and teamwork culture to tame extreme and unhealthy competition. References De Dreu, C. K., Gelfand, M. J. (2008). Conflict in the workplace: Sources, functions, and dynamics across multiple levels of analysis. Beehr, T. A. (2014).Psychological stress in the workplace (Psychology revivals). Routledge. Williams, C. (2013).Principles of management. South-Western/Cengage Learning. Zheng, W., Yang, B., McLean, G. N. (2010). Linking organizational culture, structure, strategy, and organizational effectiveness: Mediating role of knowledge management.Journal of Business research,63(7), 763-771. Samatwa, B. (2011). Causes of workplace conflict Dillon, B. L. (2012). Workplace violence: impact, causes, and prevention.Work,42(1), 15-20.